Security Situation in the Central African Republic

Security conditions in the Central African Republic (CAR) throughout May 2025 continued to be highly precarious, characterized by ongoing conflicts, inter-communal strife, and significant humanitarian challenges. Despite concerted efforts by the government, supported by international partners such as the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in CAR (MINUSCA) and bilateral forces, the nation grapples with violence perpetrated by various armed groups, government-aligned forces, and external entities.

Heightened Inter-Communal and Armed Group Violence
During May 2025, CAR witnessed a notable deterioration in security, particularly in rural areas. Escalating tensions between farmers and herders exacerbated inter-communal conflicts, leading to violent confrontations, especially in regions like Haut-Mbomou. Here, groups such as Azande Ani Kpi Gbe and the Union for Peace in CAR (UPC) were active, targeting civilians and contributing to widespread displacement and instability. Earlier incidents in February 2025 set a precedent for continued violence, with similar patterns of conflict persisting into May, according to local reports.

Persistent Threat from the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC)
The Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC), despite internal divisions, remains a significant threat. CPC factions continue to launch attacks, particularly in the northwest, east, and south, targeting civilian populations and hindering electoral processes. The closure of 58 voter registration centres due to security concerns in February continued to impact preparations for local elections initially slated for October 2024, postponed to April 2025 due to financial constraints.

Government Forces and External Involvement
Central African Armed Forces (FACA), alongside Russian mercenaries (formerly Wagner Group, now Africa Corps) and Rwandan bilateral forces, have actively engaged in counteroffensives against rebel groups. However, these operations have been marred by allegations of human rights abuses, including reports of Russian forces seizing key mines, displacing civilians, and committing rights violations. Such actions have particularly affected Muslim and Mbororo Fulani communities, with reports of targeted violence and environmental degradation due to the use of toxic chemicals.

Political Instability and Protests
Political tensions have further complicated the security landscape. Opposition groups have accused the government of orchestrating violent crackdowns on protests, resulting in casualties. These demonstrations stem from discontent over President Faustin-Archange Touadéra's potential bid for a third term, following the removal of term limits in a 2023 constitutional referendum. The Republican Bloc for the Defence of the Constitution, a key opposition faction, has faced restrictions, including crackdowns on civil society and media outlets, exacerbating tensions in urban areas like Bangui.

Humanitarian Impact and Displacement
The ongoing violence has exacerbated CAR's humanitarian crisis. By May 2025, over 455,000 people remained internally displaced, with new displacements triggered by armed clashes, inter-communal conflicts, and natural disasters like flooding. The influx of refugees and returnees has strained resources, particularly in the northeast, where food prices have skyrocketed due to trade disruptions.

International and Regional Responses
MINUSCA continues to play a crucial role with its military peacekeepers and police forces, though it faces operational challenges, including restrictions on UAVs since July 2024. The UN Security Council's extension of MINUSCA's mandate underscores the international community's commitment to stabilizing CAR. Additionally, regional efforts, such as the CAR Solutions Support Platform, aim to address displacement through cooperation with neighbouring countries.

Conclusion
The security situation in the Central African Republic in May 2025 reflects a complex web of armed group activities, inter-communal tensions, and political volatility. The involvement of external actors and the persistent humanitarian crisis underline the urgent need for international support and renewed efforts towards peacebuilding. As CAR prepares for upcoming elections, inclusive dialogue, accountability in the security sector, and addressing root causes of conflict are imperative for achieving sustainable stability.